6209884
PHLANGU9
1
chicago-author-date
50
creator
asc
417
https://legalreviewportal.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22CGVCZKF4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Alcala%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-02-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAlcala%2C%20Ronald.%202023.%20%26%23x201C%3BUkraine%20Symposium%26%23x2014%3BField-Modified%20Weapons%20under%20the%20Law%20of%20War.%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BLieber%20Institute%20West%20Point%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20February%2013.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flieber.westpoint.edu%5C%2Ffield-modified-weapons-under-law-war%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flieber.westpoint.edu%5C%2Ffield-modified-weapons-under-law-war%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ukraine%20Symposium%5Cu2014Field-Modified%20Weapons%20under%20the%20Law%20of%20War%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alcala%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Modified%20weapons%20can%20implicate%20important%20rules%20regulating%20means%20and%20methods%20of%20warfare%2C%20such%20as%20the%20obligation%20to%20review%20their%20lawfulness.%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22Lieber%20Institute%20West%20Point%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-02-13T17%3A30%3A45%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flieber.westpoint.edu%5C%2Ffield-modified-weapons-under-law-war%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PHLANGU9%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-02T06%3A06%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ELG9F6K6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Biller%20and%20Schmitt%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBiller%2C%20Jeffrey%2C%20and%20Michael%20Schmitt.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BClassification%20of%20Cyber%20Capabilities%20and%20Operations%20as%20Weapons%2C%20Means%2C%20or%20Methods%20of%20Warfare.%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BInternational%20Law%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2095%3A%20179%26%23x2013%3B225.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol95%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F6%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol95%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F6%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Classification%20of%20Cyber%20Capabilities%20and%20Operations%20as%20Weapons%2C%20Means%2C%20or%20Methods%20of%20Warfare%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Biller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmitt%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222375-2831%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol95%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F6%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227E3WF4LA%22%2C%22PHLANGU9%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-30T23%3A49%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IF83JPX6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Blake%20and%20Imburgia%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBlake%2C%20Duncan%2C%20and%20Joseph%20S.%20Imburgia.%202010.%20%26%23x201C%3B%26%23x2018%3BBloodless%20Weapons%26%23x2019%3B%3F%20The%20Need%20to%20Conduct%20Legal%20Reviews%20of%20Certain%20Capabilities%20and%20the%20Implications%20of%20Defining%20Them%20as%20%26%23x2018%3BWeapons.%26%23x2019%3B%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAir%20Force%20Law%20Review%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2066%3A%20157%26%23x2013%3B203.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%5C%2Fsol3%5C%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1850831%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%5C%2Fsol3%5C%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1850831%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%5Cu201cBloodless%20Weapons%5Cu201d%3F%20The%20Need%20to%20Conduct%20Legal%20Reviews%20of%20Certain%20Capabilities%20and%20the%20Implications%20of%20Defining%20Them%20as%20%5Cu201cWeapons%5Cu201d%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Duncan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blake%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Imburgia%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%5C%2Fsol3%5C%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1850831%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PHLANGU9%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-28T03%3A57%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229RBADTLP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Boothby%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBoothby%2C%20William%20H.%202013.%20%26%23x201C%3BMethods%20and%20Means%20of%20Cyber%20Warfare.%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BInternational%20Law%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2089%3A%20387%26%23x2013%3B405.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol89%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F8%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol89%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F8%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Methods%20and%20Means%20of%20Cyber%20Warfare%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boothby%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol89%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F8%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227E3WF4LA%22%2C%22PHLANGU9%22%2C%223HUVHPXM%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-28T03%3A57%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KD8598DS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Copeland%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BCopeland%2C%20Damian.%202025.%20%26%23x201C%3BSources%20and%20Scope%20of%20the%20Legal%20Review%20Obligation%20and%20Application%20to%20AWS.%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BA%20Functional%20Approach%20to%20the%20Legal%20Review%20of%20Autonomous%20Weapon%20Systems%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Brill%20%7C%20Nijhoff.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1163%5C%2F9789004707047_006%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1163%5C%2F9789004707047_006%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sources%20and%20Scope%20of%20the%20Legal%20Review%20Obligation%20and%20Application%20to%20AWS%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Copeland%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22A%20Functional%20Approach%20to%20the%20Legal%20Review%20of%20Autonomous%20Weapon%20Systems%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-90-04-70704-7%20978-90-04-70703-0%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1163%5C%2F9789004707047_006%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2263CAG8VX%22%2C%22KSIB6VHM%22%2C%22PHLANGU9%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-02T06%3A47%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TWZAGIRF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jevglevskaja%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJevglevskaja%2C%20Natalia.%202021.%20%26%23x201C%3BInterpreting%20Article%2036%3A%20The%20Object%20of%20Review.%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BInternational%20Law%20and%20Weapons%20Review%3A%20Emerging%20Military%20Technology%20under%20the%20Law%20of%20Armed%20Conflict%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Cambridge%20University%20Press.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2F9781108946391.005%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2F9781108946391.005%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Interpreting%20Article%2036%3A%20The%20Object%20of%20Review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jevglevskaja%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Relying%20on%20the%20methodology%20explained%20in%20the%20preceding%20chapter%2C%20Chapter%204%20examines%20the%20object%20of%20the%20review%20procedure%20%5Cu2013%20%5Cu2018a%20new%20weapon%2C%20means%20and%20methods%20of%20warfare%5Cu2019.%20It%20argues%20that%20the%20object%20of%20the%20review%20has%20a%20broad%20meaning%20and%20covers%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20existing%20and%20emerging%20military%20technology%20designed%20or%2C%20in%20certain%20circumstances%2C%20used%20to%20trigger%20damage%20to%20objects%20or%20injury%20to%20individuals.%20%5Cu2018Methods%20of%20warfare%5Cu2019%20relate%20to%20the%20ways%20weapons%20are%20used%20as%20well%20as%20operational%20tactics%2C%20techniques%20and%20procedures%20resorted%20to%20on%20a%20structural%20basis.%20The%20provision%20covers%20military%20capabilities%20newly%20introduced%20into%20the%20State%5Cu2019s%20arsenal%2C%20state-of-the-art%20weapons%20technology%2C%20and%20existing%20weapon%20systems%20that%20are%20adapted%20in%20a%20way%20that%20alters%20their%20use%20or%20effects.%20%5B118%20words%5D%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22International%20Law%20and%20Weapons%20Review%3A%20Emerging%20Military%20Technology%20under%20the%20Law%20of%20Armed%20Conflict%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-108-83755-2%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2F9781108946391.005%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PHLANGU9%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-02T06%3A28%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V5JDBFV8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6209884%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liivoja%20and%20Chircop%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLiivoja%2C%20Rain%2C%20and%20Luke%20Chircop.%202018.%20%26%23x201C%3BAre%20Enhanced%20Warfighters%20Weapons%2C%20Means%2C%20or%20Methods%20of%20Warfare%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BInternational%20Law%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2094%3A%20161%26%23x2013%3B85.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol94%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F7%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol94%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F7%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Are%20Enhanced%20Warfighters%20Weapons%2C%20Means%2C%20or%20Methods%20of%20Warfare%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rain%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liivoja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chircop%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222375-2831%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdigital-commons.usnwc.edu%5C%2Fils%5C%2Fvol94%5C%2Fiss1%5C%2F7%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22843GC6TA%22%2C%22PHLANGU9%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-28T06%3A15%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Alcala, Ronald. 2023. “Ukraine Symposium—Field-Modified Weapons under the Law of War.” Lieber Institute West Point, February 13. https://lieber.westpoint.edu/field-modified-weapons-under-law-war/.
Biller, Jeffrey, and Michael Schmitt. 2019. “Classification of Cyber Capabilities and Operations as Weapons, Means, or Methods of Warfare.” International Law Studies 95: 179–225. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol95/iss1/6.
Blake, Duncan, and Joseph S. Imburgia. 2010. “‘Bloodless Weapons’? The Need to Conduct Legal Reviews of Certain Capabilities and the Implications of Defining Them as ‘Weapons.’” Air Force Law Review 66: 157–203. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1850831.
Boothby, William H. 2013. “Methods and Means of Cyber Warfare.” International Law Studies 89: 387–405. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol89/iss1/8/.
Copeland, Damian. 2025. “Sources and Scope of the Legal Review Obligation and Application to AWS.” In A Functional Approach to the Legal Review of Autonomous Weapon Systems. Brill | Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004707047_006.
Jevglevskaja, Natalia. 2021. “Interpreting Article 36: The Object of Review.” In International Law and Weapons Review: Emerging Military Technology under the Law of Armed Conflict. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108946391.005.
Liivoja, Rain, and Luke Chircop. 2018. “Are Enhanced Warfighters Weapons, Means, or Methods of Warfare?” International Law Studies 94: 161–85. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol94/iss1/7.
